Which method would achieve multi-factor authentication (MFA)?

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a security mechanism that requires more than one form of verification to gain access to a system or account. The correct answer involves the requirement of an access key and authentication from a hardware device, which exemplifies the core principle of MFA.

In this scenario, the access key acts as one form of authentication, typically something the user knows, while the hardware device adds an additional layer of security, representing something the user possesses. This combination mitigates the risk of unauthorized access because even if an attacker obtains the access key, they would also need physical access to the hardware device to authenticate successfully.

The integrity of this method lies in its multi-layered approach, ensuring that a user’s identity is verified through multiple independent factors, significantly improving the overall security posture of sensitive information and systems.